Foundry ZKsync Book 📖

Fuzz Testing

Forge supports property based testing.

Property-based testing is a way of testing general behaviors as opposed to isolated scenarios.

Let’s examine what that means by writing a unit test, finding the general property we are testing for, and converting it to a property-based test instead:

pragma solidity 0.8.10;

import "forge-std/Test.sol";

contract Safe {
    receive() external payable {}

    function withdraw() external {
        payable(msg.sender).call{value: address(this).balance}("");
    }
}

contract SafeTest is Test {
    Safe safe;

    // Needed so the test contract itself can receive ether
    // when withdrawing
    receive() external payable {}

    function setUp() public {
        safe = new Safe();
    }

    function test_Withdraw() public {
        payable(address(safe)).call{value: 1 ether}("");
        uint256 preBalance = address(this).balance;
        safe.withdraw();
        uint256 postBalance = address(this).balance;
        assertEq(preBalance + 1 ether, postBalance);
    }
}

Running the test, we see it passes:

$ forge test --zksync
Compiling 24 files with Solc 0.8.10
Solc 0.8.10 finished in 882.26ms
Compiler run successful with warnings:
Warning (9302): Return value of low-level calls not used.
  --> test/Safe.t.sol:11:9:
   |
11 |         payable(msg.sender).call{value: address(this).balance}("");
   |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Warning (9302): Return value of low-level calls not used.
  --> test/Safe.t.sol:27:9:
   |
27 |         payable(address(safe)).call{value: 1 ether}("");
   |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^


Compiling 1 files with zksolc and solc 0.8.10
zksolc and solc 0.8.10 finished in 4.32s
Compiler run successful with warnings:
Warning (9302)
Warning: Return value of low-level calls not used.
  --> test/Safe.t.sol:11:9:
   |
11 |         payable(msg.sender).call{value: address(this).balance}("");
   |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Warning (9302)
Warning: Return value of low-level calls not used.
  --> test/Safe.t.sol:27:9:
   |
27 |         payable(address(safe)).call{value: 1 ether}("");
   |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

2024-09-04T13:36:33.830393Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""

Ran 1 test for test/Safe.t.sol:SafeTest
[PASS] test_Withdraw() (gas: 12349)
Suite result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 skipped; finished in 22.37ms (9.84ms CPU time)

Ran 1 test suite in 23.53ms (22.37ms CPU time): 1 tests passed, 0 failed, 0 skipped (1 total tests)

This unit test does test that we can withdraw ether from our safe. However, who is to say that it works for all amounts, not just 1 ether?

The general property here is: given a safe balance, when we withdraw, we should get whatever is in the safe.

Forge will run any test that takes at least one parameter as a property-based test, so let’s rewrite:

contract SafeTest is Test {
    // ...

    function testFuzz_Withdraw(uint256 amount) public {
        payable(address(safe)).call{value: amount}("");
        uint256 preBalance = address(this).balance;
        safe.withdraw();
        uint256 postBalance = address(this).balance;
        assertEq(preBalance + amount, postBalance);
    }
}

If we run the test now, we can see that Forge runs the property-based test, but it fails for high values of amount:

$ forge test
Compiling 1 files with Solc 0.8.10
Solc 0.8.10 finished in 803.35ms
Compiler run successful with warnings:
Warning (9302): Return value of low-level calls not used.
  --> test/Safe.t.sol:11:9:
   |
11 |         payable(msg.sender).call{value: address(this).balance}("");
   |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Warning (9302): Return value of low-level calls not used.
  --> test/Safe.t.sol:30:9:
   |
30 |         payable(address(safe)).call{value: amount}("");
   |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^


Compiling 1 files with zksolc and solc 0.8.10
zksolc and solc 0.8.10 finished in 4.37s
Compiler run successful with warnings:
Warning (9302)
Warning: Return value of low-level calls not used.
  --> test/Safe.t.sol:11:9:
   |
11 |         payable(msg.sender).call{value: address(this).balance}("");
   |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Warning (9302)
Warning: Return value of low-level calls not used.
  --> test/Safe.t.sol:30:9:
   |
30 |         payable(address(safe)).call{value: amount}("");
   |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

2024-09-04T13:36:39.849766Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:39.858634Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""

Ran 1 test for test/Safe.t.sol:SafeTest
[FAIL. Reason: assertion failed; counterexample: calldata=0x29facca70000000000000000000000000000000011f88d5007acc7732f5149f83c18544e args=[23887431709642595303355446118883808334 [2.388e37]]] testFuzz_Withdraw(uint256) (runs: 1, μ: 12406, ~: 12406)
Suite result: FAILED. 0 passed; 1 failed; 0 skipped; finished in 29.56ms (18.29ms CPU time)

Ran 1 test suite in 30.50ms (29.56ms CPU time): 0 tests passed, 1 failed, 0 skipped (1 total tests)

The default amount of ether that the test contract is given is 2**96 wei (as in DappTools), so we have to restrict the type of amount to uint96 to make sure we don’t try to send more than we have:

    function testFuzz_Withdraw(uint96 amount) public {

And now it passes:

$ forge test --zksync
Compiling 1 files with Solc 0.8.10
Solc 0.8.10 finished in 789.85ms
Compiler run successful with warnings:
Warning (9302): Return value of low-level calls not used.
  --> test/Safe.t.sol:11:9:
   |
11 |         payable(msg.sender).call{value: address(this).balance}("");
   |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Warning (9302): Return value of low-level calls not used.
  --> test/Safe.t.sol:29:9:
   |
29 |         payable(address(safe)).call{value: amount}("");
   |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^


Compiling 1 files with zksolc and solc 0.8.10
zksolc and solc 0.8.10 finished in 4.46s
Compiler run successful with warnings:
Warning (9302)
Warning: Return value of low-level calls not used.
  --> test/Safe.t.sol:11:9:
   |
11 |         payable(msg.sender).call{value: address(this).balance}("");
   |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Warning (9302)
Warning: Return value of low-level calls not used.
  --> test/Safe.t.sol:29:9:
   |
29 |         payable(address(safe)).call{value: amount}("");
   |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

2024-09-04T13:36:45.934590Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:45.943793Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:45.952954Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:45.962310Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:45.971784Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:45.981297Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:45.991752Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.001179Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.010511Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.019894Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.029096Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.038409Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.047597Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.056733Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.066012Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.075277Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.084517Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.093895Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.103296Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.112734Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.122184Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.131721Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.141096Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.150290Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.159721Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.169072Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.178249Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.187928Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.197382Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.206672Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.216031Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.225520Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.234989Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.244532Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.253909Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.263352Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.273026Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.282466Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.291931Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.301590Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.310879Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.320470Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.330571Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.340637Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.349964Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.359448Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.368876Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.378234Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.387756Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.397131Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.408643Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.418837Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.428215Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.437615Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.447084Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.456647Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.465915Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.475476Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.485069Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.494519Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.503993Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.513694Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.523622Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.533254Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.542779Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.552414Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.561638Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.571055Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.580449Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.590016Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.599246Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.608727Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.618173Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.627407Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.636799Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.646028Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.655652Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.664906Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.674419Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.683891Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.693160Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.702631Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.711719Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.720966Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.730219Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.739524Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.748704Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.758427Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.767993Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.777320Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.786954Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.796481Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.806035Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.815419Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.824733Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.834271Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.843712Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.853195Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.862478Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.872464Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.881876Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.891389Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.900875Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.910457Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.919993Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.929459Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.938834Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.948018Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.957543Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.967059Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.976592Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.986223Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:46.995617Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.005034Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.014516Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.024036Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.033229Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.042397Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.051772Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.061146Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.070476Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.079750Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.089342Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.098412Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.107771Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.116978Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.126189Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.135475Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.144662Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.154008Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.163463Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.173049Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.182263Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.191766Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.201408Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.210591Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.220122Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.229352Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.238818Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.248152Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.257555Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.266800Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.276162Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.285801Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.295178Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.304676Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.313998Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.323976Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.333901Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.343360Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.352824Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.362055Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.371929Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.381515Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.391284Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.400674Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.410118Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.420041Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.429274Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.438705Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.448279Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.457784Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.467256Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.476687Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.486379Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.495726Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.505179Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.514646Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.524615Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.534334Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.543752Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.553472Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.562802Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.572765Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.582320Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.591855Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.601249Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.610664Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.619998Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.629307Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.638653Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.648081Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.657570Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.667002Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.676678Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.686118Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.695482Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.704693Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.713837Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.723306Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.732539Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.741905Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.751277Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.760489Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.769762Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.779107Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.788425Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.797707Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.807081Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.816253Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.825523Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.834825Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.844099Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.853450Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.862921Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.872311Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.881762Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.891169Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.900381Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.909579Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.918855Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.928329Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.937820Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.947159Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.956414Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.965686Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.975391Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.984454Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:47.993664Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.003070Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.012611Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.022253Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.031714Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.040996Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.050437Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.059971Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.069095Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.078248Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.087718Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.097202Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.106467Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.115844Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.125300Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.134275Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.143585Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.152787Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.162354Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.171619Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.180731Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.190085Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.199353Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.208757Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.217691Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.226753Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.235893Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.245093Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.254464Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.263917Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.273199Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.282648Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.291883Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.301465Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.310667Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.320023Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.330812Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.345197Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""
2024-09-04T13:36:48.357410Z ERROR foundry_zksync_core::vm::tracer: call may fail or behave unexpectedly due to empty code target=0x7fa9385be102ac3eac297483dd6233d62b3e1496 calldata=""

Ran 1 test for test/Safe.t.sol:SafeTest
[PASS] testFuzz_Withdraw(uint96) (runs: 257, μ: 12404, ~: 12509)
Suite result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 skipped; finished in 2.44s (2.43s CPU time)

Ran 1 test suite in 2.45s (2.44s CPU time): 1 tests passed, 0 failed, 0 skipped (1 total tests)

You may want to exclude certain cases using the assume cheatcode. In those cases, fuzzer will discard the inputs and start a new fuzz run:

function testFuzz_Withdraw(uint96 amount) public {
    vm.assume(amount > 0.1 ether);
    // snip
}

There are different ways to run property-based tests, notably parametric testing and fuzzing. Forge only supports fuzzing.

Interpreting results

You might have noticed that fuzz tests are summarized a bit differently compared to unit tests:

“runs” refers to the amount of scenarios the fuzzer tested. By default, the fuzzer will generate 256 scenarios, but this and other test execution parameters can be setup by the user. Fuzzer configuration details are provided here.
“μ” (Greek letter mu) is the mean gas used across all fuzz runs
“~” (tilde) is the median gas used across all fuzz runs

Configuring fuzz test execution

Fuzz tests execution is governed by parameters that can be controlled by users via Forge configuration primitives. Configs can be applied globally or on a per-test basis. For details on this topic please refer to 📚 Global config and 📚 In-line config.

Fuzz test fixtures

Fuzz test fixtures can be defined when you want to make sure a certain set of values is used as inputs for fuzzed parameters. These fixtures can be declared in tests as:

storage arrays prefixed with fixture and followed by param name to be fuzzed. For example, fixtures to be used when fuzzing parameter amount of type uint32 can be defined as

uint32[] public fixtureAmount = [1, 5, 555];

functions named with fixture prefix, followed by param name to be fuzzed. Function should return an (fixed size or dynamic) array of values to be used for fuzzing. For example, fixtures to be used when fuzzing parameter named owner of type address can be defined in a function with signature

function fixtureOwner() public returns (address[] memory)

If the type of value provided as a fixture is not the same type as the named parameter to be fuzzed then it is rejected and an error is raised.

An example where fixture could be used is to reproduce the DSChief vulnerability. Consider the 2 functions

    function etch(address yay) public returns (bytes32 slate) {
        bytes32 hash = keccak256(abi.encodePacked(yay));

        slates[hash] = yay;

        return hash;
    }

    function voteSlate(bytes32 slate) public {
        uint weight = deposits[msg.sender];
        subWeight(weight, votes[msg.sender]);
        votes[msg.sender] = slate;
        addWeight(weight, votes[msg.sender]);
    }

where the vulnerability can be reproduced by calling voteSlate before etch, with slate value being a hash of yay address. To make sure fuzzer includes in the same run a slate value derived from a yay address, following fixtures can be defined:

    address[] public fixtureYay = [
        makeAddr("yay1"),
        makeAddr("yay2"),
        makeAddr("yay3")
    ];

    bytes32[] public fixtureSlate = [
        keccak256(abi.encodePacked(makeAddr("yay1"))),
        keccak256(abi.encodePacked(makeAddr("yay2"))),
        keccak256(abi.encodePacked(makeAddr("yay3")))
    ];

Following image shows how fuzzer generates values with and without fixtures being declared: Fuzzer

foundry-zksync book

Fuzz Testing

Interpreting results

Configuring fuzz test execution

Fuzz test fixtures